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Is a Debt-Driven Economy thriving upon a False Standard of Living?

 


You open your phone, scroll through Instagram, and tada! The Ambanis are throwing yet another grand wedding. Everyone’s decked out in designer clothes, dripping in luxury, and flaunting a level of extravagance that feels otherworldly. Then you switch to a movie, and there it is—a random actress declaring, “If I get married, it’ll only be in the Katrina wala lehenga.” Price tag? Just 2 lakh. A few days later, you're back on Instagram, and your feed is flooded with aesthetic wedding reels. Udaipur, Tuscany, Maldives—you name it, it’s there. Suddenly, every little girl dreams of having a “fairy-tale” destination wedding, complete with those dreamy Pinterest vibes. Let’s not play the blame game here. Sure, people want to spend on their weddings, and that's their choice. But imagine this: if the same hype were created over buying a PS5 or the latest gaming rig after binge-watching reels, every Indian parent would flip out. There’d be lectures, guilt trips, and a lot of “We didn’t raise you like this!” But somehow, spending 50 lakhs on a wedding venue or 2 lakhs on a lehenga doesn’t raise the same eyebrows. Why?

The issue isn’t with the lehenga or the extravagant venue—it’s about utility. What are we really achieving by wearing designer outfits or hosting million-dollar events? Oh, you’ll say, “Happiness!” Sure, happiness is important. But does it always have to cost you your peace of mind—or worse, your last two strands of hair? Isn’t it possible to find joy within boundaries instead of pushing ourselves to the brink of financial ruin? But no, boundaries don’t exist anymore. We’re striving to show off, to prove a point. And sometimes, the price is far more than money. Take the heartbreaking story I recently read from a small town in Rajasthan: a father sold his kidney to pay for his daughter’s wedding dowry. A kidney. Let that sink in. This isn’t a one-off story. It happens all the time, in different shapes and forms. And that’s why I can’t help but question this consumption pattern. On what basis are we doing all this? Are we really okay putting our present, our health, and even our future at stake just for one day? Yes, weddings are meant to be memorable. But when did they become a competition? When did we start associating love and happiness with the cost of a lehenga or the grandeur of a venue? Happiness shouldn’t come with a price tag that leaves us broke financially or emotionally.

A false higher standard of living sneaks in when individuals or governments start spending beyond their means. It’s like a ticking time bomb, fueled by consumer loans, credit card swipes, and governments borrowing left, right, and center for flashy infrastructure or social schemes. All of it adds up to one thing: debt. And over time, this debt-driven economy starts to crumble under its own weight. High debt servicing costs eat away resources that could’ve gone into something productive. The result? Economic instability, rising inequality, and, if things go south, full-blown financial crises. But the damage doesn’t stop there. This whole facade is also stretching the rural-urban divide even further. People are so caught up in chasing an image of success that they forget the price they’re paying—literally. Take cars, for example. SUVs are the new status symbol, and buying one, even if it’s way out of budget, has become a trend. Never mind that it’s a depreciating asset; loans are taken, EMIs pile up, and people willingly trap themselves in a cycle of debt. All for what? To prove they’ve “made it”?

Expensive hobbies like golf or splurging on online gaming setups—these aren’t just pastimes anymore; they’ve become markers of a higher cost of living and, by extension, a higher standard of living. And it doesn’t stop there. We walk into malls and suddenly forget all limits. Anything that catches our eye? We grab it. It’s like we’re willingly falling into the traps of clever marketing and “mall culture.” Some people even go to malls just for fun—where basic food and clothing are ridiculously overpriced, thanks to the fancy infrastructure of the place.

But the problem doesn’t end at personal spending. Let’s talk about infrastructure stagnation at a national level. Look at countries like Pakistan or Sri Lanka, burdened by economic struggles that have brought development to a standstill. Add to that the growing list of scams—like Nirav Modi and Kingfisher—which only pile on more pressure. These scandals aren’t just headlines; they’re cracks in the foundation of our economy, making recovery even harder. The shadows of financial strain loom large across various facets of society, with repercussions that are both alarming and far-reaching. The burden of student loans, exacerbated by stagnant wages, unemployment, and the heartbreaking rise in suicides, paints a grim portrait of a generation trapped in a cycle of debt. Equally harrowing is the plight of farmers, whose struggles with denied loans, relentless droughts, and devastating crop failures have led many to tragic ends.

Unproductive loans—taken for grand weddings, rituals, and personal celebrations at exorbitant interest rates—add yet another layer of economic distress, often pushing families into long-term financial instability. Meanwhile, the allure of promoting tourism, despite crippling national debts, showcases a misplaced prioritization that only compounds existing fiscal woes. Sudden and poorly strategized farmer loan waivers, while well-intentioned, create ripples of economic imbalance, offering temporary relief at the cost of long-term sustainability. Together, these challenges reflect a society grappling with systemic economic fractures, demanding urgent and thoughtful solutions. The modern economic landscape is a labyrinth of challenges, where individuals and nations alike grapple with mounting financial pressures. External debts, accrued through borrowings from foreign nations and global institutions like the IMF and World Bank, have become heavy chains limiting economic freedom. On a personal level, the "pink tax" continues to disproportionately increase the cost of living for women, eroding purchasing power in an already inflation-stricken world. Adding to the turmoil is currency devaluation, as seen in Argentina, which diminishes the value of savings and wages, leaving economies vulnerable.

While digitalization and technological advancements—such as the shift from books to iPads—offer innovation, they often come at a steep price, further widening the gap between aspiration and affordability. On the individual front, the allure of "Buy Now, Pay Later" schemes and credit card conveniences have trapped many in cycles of debt, while failed startups and ill-fated business loans add to the heap of bad loans in banking systems. Medical debts further drain household finances, exacerbating a culture of dwindling savings amidst soaring inflation. Together, these factors highlight a precarious economic reality, urging both systemic reforms and financial prudence. The global economic fabric is increasingly fraying under the weight of both personal and national financial challenges. The specter of a housing bubble looms large, threatening to destabilize economies, while the mounting costs of environmental and climate debts highlight the long-term consequences of unsustainable practices. Higher taxes and persistent budget deficits further strain nations, pushing them closer to the edge of fiscal instability. The looming risk of recession casts a shadow over global markets, underscored by striking examples like the United States' staggering $35 trillion in unpaid debts and Bangladesh's external debt of $103 billion, which constitutes 36% of its GDP as of 2023.

In contrast, India offers a silver lining, with its external debt reaching a 13-year low of $663.8 billion as of March 2024—one of the lowest debt-to-GDP ratios among the top six economies, reflecting fiscal prudence. However, on the individual level, the pursuit of higher social standing drives many to borrow heavily to maintain a desired lifestyle, even as income levels stagnate. While this behavior may spur short-term economic growth, it invariably leads to long-term liabilities and heightened fiscal fragility. Adding to the complexity, monetary policy shifts like quantitative easing inject temporary liquidity but risk exacerbating imbalances over time. The result is a delicate economic tightrope, where efforts to stimulate growth often come at the cost of sustained financial stability, urging policymakers and individuals alike to tread cautiously.

While concluding, let us study an analogy… when I am living in a 2 BHK flat on a top floor building in Dadar, having a BMW parked in the building’s common area, I am still struggling. I must have got a loan to get that BMW. But if I have a mansion in Mumbai and my BMW is parked in my garage, then it’s the higher standard of living we are talking about. Here, the fake it till you make it attitude will put you in debts and not in mansions.

- aditi 

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